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The term allergy is used to describe a response, within the body, to a substance, which is not necessarily harmful in itself, but results in an immune response and a reaction that causes symptoms and disease in a predisposed person, which in turn can cause inconvenience. Allergy occurs when the body's immune system overreacts to normally harmless substances. Substances in the environment known as allergens cause allergic reactions. Almost anything can be an allergen for someone. Allergens contain protein, which is often regarded as a constituent of the food we eat. The most common allergens are: pollen from trees and grasses, house dust mite, moulds, pets such as cats and dogs, insects like wasps and bees, industrial and household chemicals, medicines, and foods such as milk and eggs. Less common allergens include nuts, fruit and latex. Hay fever treatments Hay fever, otherwise known as seasonal allergic rhinitis, is an allergic reaction to airborne substances such as pollen that get into the upper respiratory passages - the nose, sinus, throat - and also the eyes. Hay fever is the most common of all the allergic diseases - about 15-20 per cent of the population in industrialised countries suffer from this condition. Although hay fever is not a serious illness, the inconvenient symptoms can greatly affect the life of those who have this allergic disease. In 20% of the cases even hampered respiration may occur. Nearly all illnesses that affect the nose and the sinus of the nose are caused by an allergic reaction. The most common symptoms of hay fever are: - A running or bunged up nose. - Sneezing. - Itching of the nose, throat, or eyes. - Loss of smell (common). - Loss of taste (occasional). - "Allergic conjunctivitis" (inflammation of the whites of the eyes). - Nose bleeding may occur (if the condition is severe). How can I recognise this illness? If you have some the common symptoms for at least a few days, it is advised to go to an allergist for an examination. Depending on how long the allergic reaction remains, we can talk about two different types: seasonal and perennial hay fever. Seasonal hay fever may occur in spring, summer and early autumn. Although the symptoms may not appear to be serious, hay fever should be treated, because hay fever sufferers are more vulnerable to other allergic respiratory diseases, such as asthma, and sleeping difficulties that can lead to chronic fatigue. You may be at greater risk of developing hay fever if some the following are true: - a close family member has a diagnosed allergy - you are the eldest among your brothers and sisters - you suffer from any other kind of allergy - the symptoms appear the same time every year - the symptoms always appear after an activity (e.g. mowing the lawn) - the symptoms are caused by food or spices Which plants cause hay fever? - Tree pollen such as elder, elm, hazel and especially birch (spring hay fever). - Grass pollen and cereals (summer hay fever). - Mugwort and hybrids such as chrysanthemum, nettle, ragweed (autumn hay fever). How is hay fever diagnosed? Often it will be enough to tell the doctor when, where, and how your symptoms occur. Skin tests and specific blood tests can be used to confirm what exactly you are allergic to. The most common tests are: - Prick test (skin test): different allergic materials are applied onto the skin. The allergic reaction can be measured within 20-30 minutes. - Provocated probe: the allergic reaction is provoked by placing allergic materials onto the mucous membrane of the nose. Blood test: the blood of the patient is analised to prove the allergy. Ways of treatment. What can be done? 1. Avoiding pollen. It's very difficult to completely avoid pollen, but you should be able to control hay fever symptoms by taking some sensible precautions. Reducing your exposure to pollen is the best thing you can do to alleviate symptoms, so try to stay indoors when pollen counts are high. The pollen count is often given with TV, radio, Internet, or newspaper weather forecasts. If it is humid or windy, the pollen count is likely to be higher. Generally, the pollen count is highest in the early evening, so try to avoid going outside around this time. You can also try the following: - keep windows and doors shut in the house, - avoid cutting grass, playing or walking in grassy areas, and camping, - keep car windows closed, and consider buying a pollen filter for the air vents in your car, - keep fresh flowers out of the house, and vacuum and damp dust regularly, - keep furry pets out of the house during the hay fever season. 2. Medical treatment. Usually anti-histamines or steroid nasal sprays and tablets are prescribed. Some of these can be bought without prescription. Steroids are most effective if you start using them a couple of weeks before your symptoms usually begin, and work best when used regularly. Complementary therapies, such as acupuncture, homeopathy and herbal medicine, may help relieve or prevent hay fever symptoms but more research is needed to prove their effectiveness. 3. Choose nasal sprays rather than drops. Nasal sprays have many advantages over nasal drops. Most important is, that the active substance can be applied to a larger surface of the nasal mucosa, and the concentration and dosage is always identical. |
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